संस्कृत विद्याभ्यास

वने सिंह: गर्जती | ईश्वर: सर्वत्र अस्ति | Let us look at conjugation of the verb अस् - which means to be                   एकवचन               द्विवचन               बहुवचन प्रथमपुरुष       अस्ति                   स्त:                  सन्ति मध्यमपुरुष      असि                  स्थः                  स्थ   उत्तमपुरुष       अस्मि                 स्वः                  स्मः Let us look at some sentences using this verb. अहं  महिला अस्मि  | I am a woman. तस्य नाम: शंकर: अस्ति | His name is Shankar. ते  बालिके स्त :| They (two) are girls. आकाशे नक्षत्राणि  सन्ति | There are stars in the sky. तत्वमसि  - तत् त्वम् असि| You are that Now it is translation time. Can you translate these sentences? अहं न जानामि  किं त्वं आद्य ग्रामं न गच्छसि ?                     आद्य  - today त्वं सदा किमर्थं नगरं गच्छसि ?                    किमर्थं  - why अहं सर्वदा फलं भक्षयामि |  दिलीपस्य एतत् पुस्तकं अस्ति |                  एतत् - this वीणा शीघ्रं वदति |                    

 I am borrowing the shlokas in Kannada language from sanskritdocuments.org ಮುಕ್ತಾಭಿಮಾನೀ ಮುಕ್ತೋ ಹಿ ಬದ್ಧೋ ಬದ್ಧಾಭಿಮಾನ್ಯಪಿ . ಕಿಂವದಂತೀಹ ಸತ್ಯೇಯಂ ಯಾ ಮತಿಃ ಸಾ ಗತಿರ್ಭವೇತ್ .. 1-11..   If one thinks of oneself as free, one is free, and if one thinks of oneself as bound, one is bound. Here this saying is true, “Thinking makes it so.” ಆತ್ಮಾ ಸಾಕ್ಷೀ ವಿಭುಃ ಪೂರ್ಣ ಏಕೋ ಮುಕ್ತಶ್ಚಿದಕ್ರಿಯಃ . ಅಸಂಗೋ ನಿಃಸ್ಪೃಹಃ ಶಾಂತೋ ಭ್ರಮಾತ್ಸಂಸಾರವಾನಿವ .. 1-12..   Your real nature is as the one perfect, free, and actionless consciousness, the all-pervading witness — unattached to anything, desireless and at peace. It is from illusion that you seem to be involved in samsara.  ಕೂಟಸ್ಥಂ ಬೋಧಮದ್ವೈತಮಾತ್ಮಾನಂ ಪರಿಭಾವಯ . ಆಭಾಸೋಽಹಂ ಭ್ರಮಂ ಮುಕ್ತ್ವಾ ಭಾವಂ ಬಾಹ್ಯಮಥಾಂತರಂ .. 1-13.. Meditate on yourself as motionless awareness, free from any dualism, g

From Wikipedia Ashtavakra Gita is a dialogue between Ashtavakra and Janaka on the nature of soul, reality and bondage. It offers a radical version of non-dualistic philosophy. The Gita insists on the complete unreality of external world and absolute oneness of existence. It does not mention any morality or duties, and therefore is seen by commentators as 'godless'. It also dismisses names and forms as unreal and a sign of ignorance. Let us look at the shlokas and their translations. I am borrowing the shlokas in Kannada language from sanskritdocuments.org For translations, I am borrowing them from John Richards translations in https://realization.org/p/ashtavakra-gita/richards.ashtavakra-gita/richards.ashtavakra-gita.html .. ಶ್ರೀ .. ಅಥ ಶ್ರೀಮದಷ್ಟಾವಕ್ರಗೀತಾ ಪ್ರಾರಭ್ಯತೇ .. 1 ಜನಕ ಉವಾಚ .. ಕಥಂ ಜ್ಞಾನಮವಾಪ್ನೋತಿ ಕಥಂ ಮುಕ್ತಿರ್ಭವಿಷ್ಯತಿ . ವೈರಾಗ್ಯಂ ಚ ಕಥಂ ಪ್ರಾಪ್ತಮೇತದ್ ಬ್ರೂಹಿ ಮಮ ಪ್ರಭೋ .. 1-1.. Janaka said:  How is one to

एषा बालिका | This is a girl. बालिका पुस्तकं पठति |The girl reads  a book बलिकया: हस्ते पुस्तकं आस्ति |There is a book in girl's hand.  तौ खेलत: | They both play.  तौ कन्दुकेन सह  खेलत:  |They both play with ball. बाल: बालिका च खेलत: |The boy and the girl play.  बालिका: खेलन्ति |Girls are playing चतस्र: बालिका: खेलन्ति |Four girls are playing बालिका: रज्जुना सह खेलन्ति |Girls are playing with rope.  छात्र: गच्छति | छात्र: विद्यालयं गच्छति | Word meanings: एषा - she (singular fem. pronoun) बालिका - girl  पुस्तकं - book (accusative singular - कर्म  द्वितिया विभक्ति एक वचन ) पठति - reads (Present tense third person singular - she/he/it reads ) तौ- they both (स: masculine gender dual ) खेलत:- they both play - (खेल धातू present tense dual third person ) कन्दुकेन सह - with ball - (instrumental case singular - tritiya vibhakti eka vachana) च- and  बालिका:- girls (बालिका shabda plural ) खेलन्ति - they are playing - खेल shabda present

Let us see more sentences in present tense स: तत्र तिष्ठति | He stands there   तौ तत्र तिष्ठत: | They both stand there. ते तत्र तिष्ठन्ति | They stand there. तिष्ठ  - stand     तत्र - there आरोग्यार्थं प्रतिदिनं प्रातः किञ्चित् कालम् आतपे तिष्टतु |  स: - he तौ - they both ते - they For health, we must stand in the sun every morning. Observe the pronouns and verbs in all three numbers. अहं अत्र क्रीडामि | I play here आवां  अत्र क्रीड़ाव:| We both play here वयं अत्र क्रीड़ाम:| We play here. अत्र - here  क्रीड - play अहं - I आवां - we both (dual)  वयं - we सा पुस्तकं पठति| She reads book ते पुस्तकं पठत:| They both(feminine) read book ता: पुस्तकं पठन्ति| They read book सा - she ते - they both (feminine) ता: - they (feminine) पुस्तकं - book (in accusative case )  पठ - read त्वं जलं पिबसी| You drink water युवां जलं पिबथ:| You both drink water युयं जलं पिबथ| You (all) drink water. त्वं   - you युवां - you both युयं - you all जलं - water(accusative) पिब 

Let us look at some more sentences in present tense. राम: पुस्तकं पठति - Ram reads a book.  Here पठति is in प्रथम पुरुष एक वचन  छात्रौ लिखत: - Two students write.  Here छात्रौ means two students. It is द्विवचन ।  And लिखत is प्रथम पुरुष द्विवचन बालिका: गृहं गच्छंति |   Girls go home.  बालिका : - प्रथम पुरुष बहु  वचन  गृहं - द्वितीया विभक्ति एक वचन  - accusative case गच्छंति -  गम्  dhatu प्रथम पुरुष बहु  वचन - third person plural present tense त्वं कुत्र गच्छसि ? Where do you go? त्वं   - you - it is second person singular pronoun  कुत्र - where  गच्छसि - verb is in second person singular - मध्यम पुरुष  एक वचन  अहं  विद्यालयं गच्छामि | I go to school  अहं - I - first person singular pronoun - उत्तम पुरुष एक वचन सर्वनाम  गच्छामि - I go - first person singular verb - उत्तम पुरुष एक वचन  राम लक्ष्मण युवां किं खादत:? Ram and Laxmn, what do you both eat? युवां - you both - second person dual pronoun - मध्यम  पुरुष द्विवचन खादत: - खाद dhatu मध्यम

Sanskrit is heavily inflected languages. In Sanskrit, noun ending change depending on how the noun is used. These noun endings called cases are the following nominative - subject of sentence accusative - object instrumental - by/from/with dative - to ablative - from (away from) genitive  - possessive - of locative - in - indicating location vocative - calling In Sanskrit these are called vibhakti and are given numbers one to eight. prathama vibhakti is nominative, dvitiya is accusative and so on. There are other Sanskrit names for these also. Except for Genitive, the rest of the cases are called कारक Nominative - कर्तृ Accusative - कर्म Instrumental   - करण Dative - सम्प्रदान Ablative - अपादान Genitive -      सम्बन्ध Locative - अधिकरण Vocative - सम्बोधन​   What do all these mean actually? राम​: गछति  | प्रथमा  The word राम​: is in प्रथमा विभक्ति.  Also remember that, this noun can be in singular, dual or in plural - which are रामौ (two ramas) रामा: (ram

A present tense is action which is happening right now. We call present tense as लट् लकार in Sanskrit.  The sanskrit verbs in a sentence also change according to person and number. For example in English we say "I go" but "He goes". In Sanskrit, the verbs vary much more. For I, it is गच्छामि but for he/she/it the verb form is गच्छति There are 3 persons in Sanskrit language - I/We is first person - called उत्तम पुरुष  in Sanskrit You is second person - called मध्यम पुरुष  He/she/it/they is third person - called प्रथम पुरुष And the numbers are also different here. In Sanskrit, there are 3 numbers एक वचन - singular द्वि वचन - dual (two) बहु वचन​ - plural So let us look at present tense table of गम्  dhatu (go)    एक वचन द्वि वचन  बहु वचन​ प्रथम पुरुष    गच्छति  गच्छत​:  गच्छन्ति मध्यम पुरुष   गच्छसि गच्छथ: गच्छथ उत्तम पुरुष गच्छामि गच्छाव​:  गच्छाम​: In other words,  the word endings for प्रथम पुरुष  are - अति    अत:  अन्ति  Word ending for मध्यम

Let us look at a sentence from Ruchira textbook (NCERT Sanskrit 7th) अहं भवद्भ्यां सह आकाश मार्गेण गन्तुम् इच्छामि Let us analyze it. अहं - I भवद्भ्यां सह - with two of you (dvivachana - tritiya vibhakti ) आकाश मार्गेण - via sky (ekavachana tritiya vibhakti) गन्तुम् - to go (tumanta pratyaya) इच्छामि - I wish (uttama purusha ekavachana) Now once you see these parts the sentence becomes self evident. Let us look at another sentence from same lesson. वयम् श्व​: मत्सकूर्मादीं मारयिष्याम​: | वयम् - we श्व​: - tomorrow मत्सकूर्मादीं - fish and tortoise etc मारयिष्याम​ - kill  (uttama purusha bhavishyat kala bahuvachana) Now work for you. Find out what these sentences mean - try to understand each word. आवां किं करवाव​: तत्क्षणमेव कूर्म​: दन्डात् पतित​: गोपालकै: सः मारित​: You can read the entire lesson in Sanskrit from here .